Troubled Geographies:
A Spatial History of Religion and Society in Ireland

Versions of maps marked with are available in Social Explorer.

Chapter 1: Geography, religion and society in Ireland: A spatial history

Fig 1.1: The main administrative geographies of Ireland showing (a) baronies, (b) rural and urban districts, and (c) counties and provinces.

Chapter 2: The Plantations: Sowing the seeds of Ireland's religious geographies

Fig 2.1: Major plantation schemes and areas of English/British influence in Ireland in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.

Fig 2.2: The Tudor plantations of Ireland.

Fig 2.3: The Ulster plantations 1609-13.

Fig 2.4: The Cromwellian land settlement.

Chapter 3. Religion and Society in Pre-Famine Ireland

Fig 3.1: Ireland's three largest religious denominations as a percentage of the total Church of Ireland diocese populations in 1834 showing (a) Catholics, (b) Church of Ireland, and (c) Presbyterians.

Fig 3.2: Comparing Protestantism in 1834 with the Plantation.

Fig. 3.3: Locations and numbers of people in the Munster plantation contributing to the 1641 depositions of evidence collected in the wake of the Catholic rebellion of that year. Available in the book.

Fig. 3.4: Church of Ireland and Presbyterian populations in 1834 overlaid by plantation precincts given over to English and Scottish undertakers. Available in the book.

Fig 3.5: Population density of Irish baronies in 1821.

Fig 3.6: Percentage population growth by barony between 1821 and 1841.

Fig 3.7: Percentage of the 1831 male population over the age of 20 employed in manufacturing by county.

Chapter 4. The Famine and its Impacts: 1840s-1860s

Fig 4.1: Population density of Irish baronies in (a) 1821, (b) 1831, (c) 1841, (d) 1851 and (e) 1861.

Fig 4.2: Percentage population growth by barony between 1841 and 1861.

Fig 4.3: Ireland's three largest religious denominations in 1861 showing (a) Catholics, (b) Church of Ireland, and (c) Presbyterians.

Fig. 4.4: Change in population and religion by diocese between 1834 and 1861 showing (a) total population, (b) Catholics, (c) Church of Ireland, and (d) Presbyterians. Available in the book.

Fig. 4.5: The relationship between the Catholic population in 1834 and overall population loss between 1834 and 1861. Available in the book.

Fig. 4.6: The relationship between the Catholic population in 1834 and 1861. Available in the book.

Fig 4.7: Illiteracy in English by barony, (a) 1841, (b) 1851 and (c) 1861.

Fig 4.8: Fourth class housing as a percentage of dwellings per barony, (a) 1841, (b) 1851 and (c) 1861.

Fig 4.9: Percentage of farms of 15 acres or less by barony (a) 1852, (b) 1861 and (c) 1871.

Fig 4.10: Males employed in the manufacturing sector as a percentage of the male population at county level (a) 1831, (b) 1851 and (c) 1871.

Chapter 5. Towards Partition: 1860s-1910s

Fig 5.1: Long-term demographic trends throughout the island of Ireland and for the areas that would become Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

Fig 5.2: Population density in Ireland for (a) baronies in 1871, (b) baronies in 1881, (c) baronies in 1891, (d) rural and urban districts in 1901 and (e) rural and urban districts in 1911.

Fig 5.3: Population trends in Belfast and County Armagh between 1861 and 1911.

Fig 5.4: Males employed in the manufacturing sector as a percentage of the entire male population at county level (a) 1871 and (b) 1911.

Fig 5.5: Females employed in the manufacturing sector as a percentage of the female population at county level (a) 1871, (b) 1891 and (c) 1911.

Fig 5.6: Emigration rates per 1000 in 1871 for (a) males and (b) females.

Fig 5.7: Emigration rates per 1000 in 1891 for (a) males and (b) females.

Fig 5.8: Catholic population at county level in (a) 1871, (b) 1881, (c) 1891, (d) 1901 and (e) 1911. Social Explorer includes district-level maps of religion for 1911.

Fig. 5.9: Population change at county level from 1861 to 1911: (a) total population, (b) Catholics, (c) Church of Ireland, and (d) Presbyterians. Available in the book.

Chapter 6. Partition and Civil War, 1911-26

Fig 6.1: Population change in Belfast and Dublin, 1861-1926. Available in the book.

Fig 6.2: Population density of rural and urban districts, 1911 and 1926.

Fig 6.3: Percentage population change at rural and urban district level between 1911 and 1926.

Fig 6.4: Results of the December 1910 Westminster elections.

Fig: 6.5: Results of the 1918 Westminster elections.

Fig 6.6: Results of the 1921 Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland elections.

Fig 6.7: Results of the 1922 Northern Ireland and Saorstát Éireann elections.

Fig 6.8: Intercensal percentage change in three major religions between 1861 and 1961 in (a) the Northern Ireland area and (b) the Republic of Ireland area.

Fig 6.9: Catholic populations in (a) 1911 and (b) 1926.

Fig 6.10a: Church of Ireland populations in 1911 and 1926.

Fig 6.10b: Presbyterian populations in 1911 and 1926.

Social Explorer also includes other denominations for these dates.

Fig. 6.11: Change in the populations of (a) Catholics, (b) Church of Ireland, and (c) Presbyterians between 1911 and 1926. Available in the book.

Fig. 6.12: Scatterplot of Non-Catholic rural and urban district populations, 1911 and 1926. Available in the book.

Fig. 6.13: The adopted six-county partition of Ireland creating Northern Ireland and Sáorstát Éireann (the Irish Free State). Available in the book.

Chapter 7. Continuous Division, 1920s-1960s

Fig 7.1: Percentage of the population at county level born in the northern six counties of Ireland and resident in the southern twenty-six counties, or vice-versa in (a) 1926 and (b) 1946/51.

Fig 7.2: Population density at rural and urban district level, (a) 1936/7, (b) 1946/51, and (c) 1961.

Fig 7.3: Percentage population change at rural and urban district level between 1926 and 1961.

Fig 7.4: Percentage of the population employed in agriculture at county level in (a) 1926, (b) 1936 (Free State only) and (c) 1946/51.

Fig 7.5: Percentage of the population employed in manufacturing at county level in (a) 1926, (b) 1936 (Free State only) and (c) 1946/51.

Fig 7.6: Percentage of the male population economically inactive at county level in (a) 1926, (b) 1936 (Free State only) and (c) 1946/51.

Fig 7.7: The three major religions' share of the total population of the island of Ireland between 1911 and 1961.

Fig 7.8: Catholic populations in (a) 1926, (b) 1936/7, (c) 1946/51 and (d) 1961.

Fig 7.9: Presbyterian populations in (a) 1926, (b) 1936/7, (c) 1946/51 and (d) 1961.

Fig 7.10: Church of Ireland populations in (a) 1926, (b) 1936/7, (c) 1946/51 and (d) 1961.

Fig7.11: The Catholic population of Northern Ireland in (a) 1926, (b) 1937, (c) 1951 and (d) 1961.

Fig 7.12: The Presbyterian population of Northern Ireland in (a) 1926, (b) 1937, (c) 1951 and (d) 1961.

Fig 7.13: The Church of Ireland population of Northern Ireland in (a) 1926, (b) 1937, (c) 1951 and (d) 1961.

Fig 7.14: Percentage point change between 1911 and 1961 in the populations of (a) Catholics, (b) Church of Ireland and (c) Presbyterians.

Chapter 8: Towards the Celtic Tiger: the Republic, 1961 to 2002

Fig 8.1: Republic of Ireland rural, urban and total populations between 1951-2002.

Fig 8.2: Population density at rural and urban district level, (a) 1951, (b) 1961, (c) 1971, (d) 1981, (e) 1991 and (f) 2002

Fig 8.3: Percentage population change at rural and urban district level for the Republic of Ireland between 1951 and 2002.

Fig 8.4: Population growth in Counties Dublin, Kildare, Meath and Wicklow relative to the rest of the Republic of Ireland between 1951 and 2002.

Fig 8.5: Population change in four towns between 1951 and 2002: Castlerea (Roscommon), Charlestown (Mayo), Celbridge (Kildare) and Swords (Dublin).

Fig 8.6: Employment in the manufacturing sector as a percentage of the adult population at county level for the Republic of Ireland in (a) 1951, (b) 1961, (c) 1971, (d) 1981, (e) 1991 and (f) 2002.

Fig 8.7: Male unemployment at county level for the Republic of Ireland in (a) 1961, (b) 1971, (c) 1981, (d) 1991 and (e) 2002.

Fig 8.8: Population employed in the clerical sector as a percentage of the adult population at county level for the Republic of Ireland in (a) 1971, (b) 1981, (c) 1991 and (d) 2002.

Fig 8.9: Population employed in the commercial and financial sectors as a percentage of the adult population at county level for the Republic of Ireland in (a) 1971, (b) 1981, (c) 1991 and (d) 2002.

Fig 8.10: Population employed in agriculture as a percentage of the adult population at county level for the Republic of Ireland in (a) 1961, (b), 1971, (c) 1981, (d) 1991 and (e) 2002.

Fig 8.11: Percentage of college-educated adults by county for the Republic of Ireland in (a) 1971, (b)1981, (c) 1991 and (d) 2001.

Fig 8.12: Catholic populations in (a) 1961, (b) 1971, (c) 1981, (d) 1991 and (e) 2002.

Fig 8.13: Responses to the religion question in Republic of Ireland censuses between 1961 and 2002 categorised by major religious group.

Fig 8.14: Responses to religion question in Republic of Ireland censuses between 1961 and 2002 categorised by simple affiliation, non-affiliation, or refusal to submit information.

Fig 8.15: Inter-censal percentage change in responses to religion question in Republic of Ireland censuses between 1961 and 2002.

Chapter 9: Stagnation and segregation: Northern Ireland, 1971-2001

Fig 9.1: Population density in Northern Ireland, (a) 1971, (b) 1991 and (c) 2001.

Fig 9.2: Population change in Northern Ireland, 1971-2001.

Fig 9.3: Scatter-plot comparing population in 1971 with population change 1971-2001 for 1km cells. Available in the book.

Fig 9.4: The crude birth-rate in Northern Ireland, 1971-2008. Available in the book.

Fig 9.5: Average household size in Northern Ireland in (a) 1971 and (b) 2001.

Fig 9.6: Employment rates among the economically active population in (a) 1971 and (b) 2001.

Fig 9.7: Owner occupied housing in (a) 1971 and (b) 2001.

Fig 9.8: Households lacking a car in (a) 1971 and (b) 2001.

Fig 9.9: The distribution of Catholics in (a) 1971, (b) 1991 and (c) 2001.

Fig 9.10: The distribution of Protestants in (a) 1971, (b) 1991 and (c) 2001.

Fig 9.11: The changing distribution of (a) Catholics and (b) Protestants, 1971-2001.

Chapter 10: Communal conflict and death in Northern Ireland, 1969-2001

Fig 10.1: Numbers of deaths per year during the Troubles. Available in the book.

Fig 10.2: Total deaths per 1km grid square.

Fig 10.3: Deaths per head of population.

Fig 10.4: The distribution of killings by republican paramilitaries.

Fig 10.5: The distribution of the killings of (a) the security forces and (b) loyalist paramilitaries by republican paramilitaries.

Fig 10.6: The distribution of killings of civilians by republican paramilitaries: (a) Protestants and (b) Catholics.

Fig 10.7: The distribution of all killings by loyalist paramilitaries.

Fig 10.8: The distribution of killings of republican paramilitaries by loyalist paramilitaries.

Fig 10.9: The distribution of killings of civilians by loyalist paramilitaries: (a) Catholics and (b) Protestants.

Fig 10.10: The distribution of killings of republican paramilitaries by the security forces.

Fig 10.11: The distribution of killings of Catholic civilians by the security forces.

Fig 10.12: The distribution of killings by the religious background of the 1km grid square in which the killing took place. (a) All killings, (b) killings by republican paramilitaries, (c) killings by loyalist paramilitaries, and (d) killings by the security forces.

Chapter 11: Belfast through the Troubles: socioeconomic change, segregation, and violence

Fig 11.1: The Belfast Urban Area.

Fig 11.2: Belfast's religious geographies, (a) 1971 and (b) 2001.

Fig 11.3: Population change in Belfast, 1971-2001 for (a) total population, (b) Catholics and (c) Protestants.

Fig 11.4: Population by distance from City Hall among (a) Catholics and (b) Protestants.

Fig 11.5: Socially rented housing in Belfast in (a) 1971 and (b) 2001.

Fig 11.6: Employment as a percentage of the economically active population in Belfast in (a) 1971 and (b) 2001.

Fig 11.7: Households lacking a car in Belfast in (a) 1971 and (b) 2001.

Fig 11.8: Average household size in Belfast in (a) 1971 and (b) 2001.

Fig 11.9: Density-smoothed map of Troubles related deaths in the Belfast Urban Area.

Fig 11.10: Population change 1971-2001 by population in 1971 for each 100m grid cell.

Fig 11.11: Areas that were unpopulated in 1971 and more than 60% Catholic in 2001.

Chapter 12: Conclusions: Ireland's religious geographies - stability or change?

Fig 12.1: Catholic populations in (a) 1834 and (b) 2001/2.

Fig 12.2: Percentage population change between 1834 and 2001/2.

Fig 12.3: The size of the minority populations of the two parts of Ireland from 1861 to 2001/2.

Versions of maps marked with are available in Social Explorer.