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1.33 Integral associated with the circle

(ii) For the circle, we substitute x=a⁢sin⁡ux=a\sin u in

∫0t(a2-x2)1/2⁢d⁢x.\int_{0}^{t}(a^{2}-x^{2})^{1/2}\,dx.

When x=tx=t, we have: u=sin-1⁡(ta)u=\sin^{-1}(\frac{t}{a}). Thus

∫0t(a2-x2)12⁢d⁢x=∫0sin-1⁡(ta)(a2-a2⁢sin2⁡u)12.a⁢cos⁡u⁢d⁢u\int_{0}^{t}(a^{2}-x^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}\,dx=\,{\int_{0}^{\sin^{-1}(\frac{t}{a}% )}(a^{2}-a^{2}\sin^{2}u)^{\frac{1}{2}}.a\cos u\,du}
\arc(50,0)90\curve(40,80,35,70) \curve(40,80,45,70) \curve(120,10,110,5) \curve(120,10,110,15) \curve(40,30,45,29.4,50,27.3,52,26,54,24.3,56,22) \curve(56,22,55,26) \curve(56,22,52,23) uuttxxyy=∫0sin-1⁡(ta)a2cos2udu=a22∫0sin-1⁡(ta)(1+cos2u){=\int_{0}^{\sin^{-1}(\frac{t}{a})}a^{2}\cos^{2}u\,du}\,{=\frac{a^{2}}{2}\int_% {0}^{\sin^{-1}(\frac{t}{a})}(1+\cos 2u)}=a22⁢[u+sin⁡u⁢cos⁡u]0sin-1⁡(ta)=\frac{a^{2}}{2}\left[u+\sin u\cos u\right]_{0}^{\sin^{-1}(\frac{t}{a})}=a22⁢sin-1⁡(ta)+t2⁢a2-t2.=\frac{a^{2}}{2}\sin^{-1}(\frac{t}{a})+\frac{t}{2}\sqrt{a^{2}-t^{2}}.