Let be complex matrices with shapes ; ; ; Recall
so we form matrices . The operations in a MIMO system are:
(i) taps;
(ii) summing junctions, which simply add matrices of the same shape;
(iii) differentiation , which operates on all the entries of the matrix;
(iv) integration which operates on all the entries of the matrix;
(v) matrix amplifiers , which can change the shape of to . Usually, we multiply on the left by the matrix.