Cambridge, 1997, CUP
"... Aquinas I will argue, was committed, as were most Scholastics, to introducing such intermediaries [as species] into the cognitive process.... Olivi and Ockham deserve substantial credit for attempting to displace this seductive but misleading picture of the mind. ... Each criticizes the standard theory for placing inside the percipient a further percipient - an audience capable of enjoying the representations forming within us. Each, after recognizing that this was the story behind the species theory as standardly formulated, replaces that story with an account on which the act of thinking alone, without any species as internal object, is all that is needed to account for cognition." p.26,7.
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