Who thinks that though we may stare at a badger all day and all night, it will never stimulate in us an idea of itself?

I think Malebranche is the best answer here. Locke thinks there are material objects which issue stimulation resulting (in normal circumstances) in your having an idea of that badger. Berkeley thinks there aren't material objects in this sense. If we have an idea of a badger, it is not because the badger stimulates it. It comes, for Berkeley, direct from God. Malebranche thinks there is a material world and we have ideas which give us a good sense of it, but nevertheless those ideas come directly from God - 'occasionalism'.