Andrea Ando

Lancaster University (Bailrigg, UK) | | Degree: LLB (Hons) Law (International Law)
NFTs, between opportunities and absence of legislation: a study on the effect of the rulings of the OpenSea case

Abstract

The development of the blockchain has been a major innovation in the technology field. It opened the door to the creation of novel cyberassets and currencies. In more recent times, the non-fungible tokens have started to be at the centre of media attention. They are indeed increasingly taking part in the arts and technology sectors. Their impact on society and the market is still very difficult to define, but it is very likely that there will be a turning point in the world of digital assets. Their growth, as imaginable, paved the way for civil disputes, mostly regarding their position under the current intellectual property law in each jurisdiction. In April 2022, the High Court of England and Wales ruled in the OpenSea case that non-fungible tokens can be considered properties. The judge, indeed, concluded that the cryptoasset had all the indicia of property under common law. The research has demonstrated that the ruling of the High Court is not providing enough answers to the dilemma of whether minting an NFT is a violation or not of intellectual property and/or property rights. Indeed, if on the one hand the technology follows the framework set by the case law (e.g., the 4 criteria of Ainsworth), on the other hand, the question that arises is what is effectively protected and owned by both the creator and the purchaser. This was demonstrated, first, through the analysis of the expectations of intellectual property law. Then, after having laid the foundation, the paper examined the OpenSea case, and, finally, it analysed whether the expectations were met or not.

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Andrea Ando