VIII. THE DUCAL PALACE 385

the other four of course agree in giving first the cardinal and evangelical virtues; their variations in the statement of the rest will be best understood by putting them in a parallel arrangement.

ST. MARK’S.ORCAGNA.GIOTTO.DUCAL PALACE.

Constancy.Perseverance.Constancy.

Modesty.Modesty.

Chastity.Virginity.Chastity.Chastity.

Patience.Patience.Patience.

Mercy.

Abstinence.Abstinence?¹

Piety.*Devotion.

Benignity.

Humility.Humility.Humility.Humility.

Obedience.Obedience.Obedience.

Docility.

Caution.

Poverty.Honesty.

Liberality.

Alacrity.

§ 64. It is curious, that in none of these lists do we find either Honesty or Industry ranked as a virtue, except in the Venetian one, where the latter is implied in Alacritas, and opposed not only by “Accidia” or sloth, but by a whole series of eight sculptures on another capital, illustrative, as I believe, of the temptations to idleness;² while various other capitals, as we shall see presently, are devoted to the representation of the active trades. Industry, in Northern art and Northern morality, assumes a very principal place. I have seen in French manuscripts the virtues reduced to these seven, Charity, Chastity, Patience, Abstinence, Humility, Liberality, and Industry: and I doubt whether, if we

* Inscribed, I believe, Pietas, meaning general reverence and godly fear.³

¹ [Queried by Ruskin, because the figure is obscure: see below, § 101.]

² [See below, § 103, p. 410.]

³ [This was a mistake; see the corrected list in St. Mark’s Rest. In addition to the cardinal (p. 371, above) and evangelical virtues (p. 372), the mosaics include the eight others in the above list, and the ninth is not “Piety,” but “Compulsion” (compassion, or compunction).]

X. 2 B

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