‘applies directly’ is clearly Ruskin’s final version. When he struck out ‘not only does’ at the beginning of the sentence, he clearly changed ‘apply’ to ‘applies’. He inserted ‘directly’ after ‘apply’ or ‘applies’ - it is impossible to be sure about the sequence. ‘directly applied’ is the reading of the Ruskin Library Transcript T7B, and difficult to justify.
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[Version 0.05: May 2008]