STEAM_NN1 RAILWAYS_NN2 By_II <name key="Edward Raleigh">

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STEAM_NN1 RAILWAYS_NN2

By_II <name key="Edward Raleigh"

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Contents_NN2 Page_NN1

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Introduction_NN1

I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ <reg> fascinated_VVN </reg> by_II steam_NN1 trains_VVZ at_II an_AT1 early_JJ age_NN1 ._. It_PPH1 is_VBZ this_DD1 that_CST has_VHZ caused_VVN me_PPIO1 to_TO choose_VVI to_TO do_VDI my_APPGE topic_NN1 on_II steam_NN1 railways_NN2 ._. This_DD1 project_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT last_MD one_PN1 at_II

<gap desc="identifying text"> ,_, and_CC I_PPIS1 think_VV0 that_CST the_AT standard_NN1 of_IO my_APPGE project_NN1 work_NN1 has_VHZ dropped_VVN since_CS I_PPIS1 did_VDD the_AT tiger_NN1 project_VVI in_II Miss_NN1 <reg> <gap desc="Personal Name"> 's_GE </reg> class_NN1 ,_, so_CS I_PPIS1 hope_VV0 this_DD1 will_VM be_VBI my_APPGE best_JJT yet_RR ._. Here_RL we_PPIS2 go_VV0 !_!

Signed_VVN

<name key="Edward Raleigh">

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115_MC S.11_FO 2.18_MC

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The_AT Coming_NN1 Of_IO Steam_NN1

In_II 1712_MC ,_, Thomas_NP1 Newcomen_NP1 invented_VVD a_AT1 steam_NN1 engine_NN1 for_IF pumping_VVG water_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 mines_NN2 ._. Then_RT ,_, in_II 1769_MC James_NP1 watt_NNU1 improved_JJ it_PPH1 ._. However_RR ,_, this_DD1 new_JJ improved_JJ version_NN1 was_VBDZ still_JJ to_TO heavy_JJ to_TO put_VVI on_II a_AT1 steam_NN1 engine_NN1 ._.

In_II the_AT same_DA year_NNT1 ,_, the_AT Frenchman_NN1 Nicholas_NP1 Cugnot_NP1 built_VVD the_AT first_MD self_NN1 propelled_VVD vehicle_NN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. It_PPH1 managed_VVD to_TO reach_VVI a_AT1 speed_NN1 of_IO 14.5_MC Kph_NP1 (_( 9_MC mph_NNU )_) ._. However_RR ,_, the_AT steering_NN1 wheel_NN1 was_VBDZ so_RG stiff_JJ that_CST only_RR a_AT1 strong_JJ man_NN1 could_VM turn_VVI it_PPH1 ._. This_DD1 meant_VVD that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ very_RG hard_JJ to_TO control_VVI in_II the_AT crowded_JJ streets_NN2 of_IO paris_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT resulting_JJ uproar_NN1 forced_VVD Cugnot_NP1 to_TO abandon_VVI the_AT project_NN1 ._.

A_AT1 few_DA2 years_NNT2 later_RRR in_II 1804_MC ,_, the_AT first_MD land_NN1 ,_, self_NN1 propelled_VVD vehicle_NN1 in_II America_NP1 was_VBDZ built_VVN ;_; a_AT1 <UNCLEAR>_FO ._. It_PPH1 was_VBDZ built_VVN by_II the_AT blacksmith_NN1 and_CC boat_NN1 builder_NN1 ,_, Oliver_NP1 Evans_NP1 ._. It_PPH1 ran_VVD on_II wheels_NN2 under_II its_APPGE own_DA steam_NN1 ._. When_CS it_PPH1 reached_VVD water_NN1 the_AT wheels_NN2 were_VBDR removed_VVN and_CC a_AT1 propeller_NN1 at_II the_AT back_NN1 drove_VVD it_PPH1 ._.

4_MC years_NNT2 later_RRR in_II 1808_MC ,_, Catch-me-who-can_JJ ,_, a_AT1 locomotive_NN1 built_VVN by_II Richard_NP1 Trevithick_NP1 ._. It_PPH1 was_VBDZ open_JJ to_II the_AT public_NN1 ,_, and_CC ran_VVD around_RP a_AT1 circular_JJ track_NN1 ._. It_PPH1 was_VBDZ this_DD1 that_CST gave_VVD it_PPH1 its_APPGE name_NN1 ,_, Catch-me-who-can_JJ ._. It_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT first_MD steam_NN1 locomotive_NN1 to_TO run_VVI in_II london_NN1 ._.

Then_RT ,_, 5_MC years_NNT2 later_RRR ,_, in_II 1813_MC ,_, Puffing_JJ Billy_NP1 was_VBDZ built_VVN by_II William_NP1 Hedley_NP1 in_II Wylam_NP1 ,_, in_II northern_JJ England_NP1 ._. It_PPH1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO haul_VVI wagons_NN2 of_IO coal_NN1 from_II a_AT1 colliery_NN1 to_II a_AT1 nearby_JJ river_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 distance_NN1 of_IO about_RG 8_MC Km_NNU (_( 5_MC m_NNU )_) ._. Due_II21 to_II22 complaints_NN2 about_II the_AT noise_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 had_VHD a_AT1 quieting_JJ chamber_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ the_AT steam_NN1 passed_VVD through_RP en_RR21 route_RR22 to_II the_AT chimney_NN1 ._.

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The_AT American_JJ land_NN1 Vehicle_NN1

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Beam_VV0

flywheel_VV0

crank_NN1

cylinder_NN1 and_CC piston_NN1

<reg> Watt_NP1 's_GE </reg> steam_NN1 engine_NN1

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Cugnot_NP1 's_GE road_NN1 vehicle_NN1

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Steam_NN1 Trains_NN2 Arrive_VV0

It_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT vision_NN1 of_IO George_NP1 Stephenson_NP1 ,_, the_AT "_" Father_NN1 <note desc="word/s missing?"> all_DB railways_NN2 ,_, "_" that_CST brought_VVD about_RP the_AT coming_NN1 of_IO steam_NN1 ._. Stephenson_NP1 saw_VVD that_DD1 steam_NN1 locomotives_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT way_NN1 forward_RL for_IF railways_NN2 ._. Together_RL with_IW his_APPGE son_NN1 Robert_NP1 ,_, he_PPHS1 established_VVD his_APPGE locomotive_NN1 works_VVZ in_II 1823_MC ._.

He_PPHS1 built_VVD and_CC entered_VVD the_AT famous_JJ steam_NN1 locomotive_NN1 ,_, the_AT "_" Rocket_NN1 "_" ,_, in_II the_AT Rain_NN1 hill_NN1 trials_NN2 in_II 1929_MC ._. The_AT <reg> rocket_NN1 's_GE </reg> performance_NN1 was_VBDZ brilliant_JJ ,_, and_CC easily_RR beat_VV0 the_AT other_JJ three_MC engines_NN2 ,_, (_( one_MC1 of_IO which_DDQ disappeared_VVD in_II a_AT1 cloud_NN1 of_IO steam_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 which_DDQ derailed_VVD ,_, and_CC <sic> and_CC </sic> another_DD1 which_DDQ broke_VVD down_RP )_) ._. The_AT <reg> principles_NN2 </reg> of_IO the_AT engine_NN1 ,_, "_" Rocket_NN1 "_" ,_, lived_VVD in_II steam_NN1 engines_NN2 for_IF many_DA2 years_NNT2 ._. By_II the_AT mid_JJ 19th_MD century_NNT1 ,_, steam_NN1 trains_NN2 were_VBDR in_II service_NN1 all_RR over_II the_AT world_NN1 ,_, because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE reliability_NN1 ,_, strength_NN1 and_CC simplicity_NN1 ._. The_AT steam_NN1 trains_NN2 were_VBDR <reg> excellent_JJ </reg> at_II every_AT1 job_NN1 ._. They_PPHS2 were_VBDR used_VVN for_IF many_DA2 years_NNT2 ,_, until_CS electrical_JJ and_CC <reg> diesel_NN1 </reg> locomotives_NN2 came_VVD along_RP ..._...

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Western_NP1 ._. Glasgow_NP1 ._. +_FO South_ND1

a_AT1 gold_NN1 and_CC enamel_NN1 free_JJ pass_NN1 ._.

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The_AT Rocket_NN1

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Novelty_NN1

One_MC1 of_IO <reg> Rocket_NN1 's_GE </reg> competitors_NN2 in_II the_AT Rainhill_NP1 Trials_NN2

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The_AT Coming_NN1 Of_IO Diesel_NN1 And_CC Electrical_JJ Power_NN1

In_II the_AT early_JJ days_NNT2 of_IO steam_NN1 ,_, electrical_JJ power_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX fully_RR understood_VVN ,_, and_CC people_NN had_VHD not_XX yet_RR worked_VVN out_RP how_RRQ to_TO harness_VVI its_APPGE power_NN1 to_TO drive_VVI trains_NN2 ,_, or_CC <reg> anything_PN1 </reg> else_RR for_IF that_DD1 matter_NN1 ._. Engineers_NN2 developed_VVD the_AT first_MD electric_JJ trains_NN2 near_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT 19th_MD century_NNT1 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 had_VHD also_RR experimented_VVN with_IW varying_JJ voltages_NN2 of_IO electric_JJ current_JJ ._. Some_DD locomotives_NN2 used_VVD <reg> overhead_JJ </reg> cables_NN2 ,_, and_CC some_DD took_VVD power_NN1 from_II a_AT1 third_MD "_" live_JJ "_" rail_NN1 on_II the_AT track_NN1 ._. Electrical_JJ power_NN1 is_VBZ faster_JJR ,_, quieter_JJR ,_, and_CC easier_RRR to_TO run_VVI than_CSN <sic> than_CSN </sic> a_AT1 diesel_NN1 train_NN1 ,_, although_CS it_PPH1 costs_VVZ <reg> a_AT1 lot_NN1 </reg> to_TO electrify_VVI an_AT1 existing_JJ railway_NN1 ,_, or_CC building_VVG <sic> an_AT1 </sic> new_JJ electric_JJ railway_NN1 ._. the_AT lines_NN2 are_VBR both_RR economic_JJ and_CC efficient_JJ ._.

The_AT first_MD diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 was_VBDZ demonstrated_VVN in_II 1893_MC by_II the_AT german_NN1 <reg> Doctor_NNB </reg> Rudolph_NP1 Diesel_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS went_VVD on_RP to_TO build_VVI the_AT first_MD reliable_JJ one_PN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 in_II 1897_MC ,_, Four_MC years_NNT2 later_RRR ._. Diesel-powered_JJ trains_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN all_RR over_II the_AT world_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR on_II less_RGR busy_JJ lines_NN2 ,_, where_CS electrification_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX economical_JJ ._.

Unlike_II a_AT1 steam_NN1 engine_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX usually_RR drive_VVI the_AT <reg> locomotive_NN1 's_GE </reg> wheels_NN2 directly_RR ._. Instead_RR ,_, inside_II the_AT engine_NN1 ,_, heavy_JJ diesel_NN1 oil_NN1 is_VBZ injected_VVN in_RP to_II a_AT1 cylinder_NN1 of_IO hot_JJ ,_, compressed_VVD ,_, air_NN1 ._. The_AT fuel_NN1 ignites_VVZ ,_, and_CC the_AT energy_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ released_VVN pushes_VVZ a_AT1 piston_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ drives_VVZ a_AT1 generator_NN1 ._. The_AT generator_NN1 then_RT produces_VVZ electricity_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ drives_VVZ a_AT1 <reg> motor_NN1 </reg> ,_, that_DD1 turns_VVZ the_AT wheels_NN2 ._.

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North_ND1 Eastern_JJ

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DELTIC_NP1

A_AT1 Diesel_NN1 Train_NN1

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How_RRQ Steam_NN1 Engines_NN2 Work_VV0

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First_MD ,_, Second_MD and_CC Third_MD Class_NN1 Carriages_NN2

The_AT public_JJ passenger_NN1 trains_NN2 were_VBDR a_AT1 far_JJ cry_NN1 from_II the_AT comfortable_JJ ,_, spacious_JJ carriages_NN2 <note desc="word/s missing?"> today_RT ._. There_EX were_VBDR three_MC different_JJ <reg> accommodations_NN2 </reg> ,_, with_IW the_AT people_NN who_PNQS travelled_VVD in_II the_AT best_JJT <reg> accommodation_NN1 </reg> paying_VVG the_AT most_RRT ._. The_AT best_JJT <reg> accommodation_NN1 </reg> was_VBDZ the_AT First_MD class_NN1 ._. It_PPH1 had_VHD a_AT1 similar_JJ layout_NN1 to_II a_AT1 stagecoach_NN1 inside_RL ,_, and_CC had_VHD glass_NN1 windows_NN2 and_CC padded_JJ seats_NN2 with_IW arm_NN1 rests_NN2 ._. It_PPH1 had_VHD more_DAR leg_NN1 room_NN1 and_CC the_AT seats_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR spacious_JJ than_CSN the_AT other_JJ compartments_NN2 and_CC was_VBDZ also_RR furthest_JJT from_II the_AT wheels_NN2 ,_, so_CS the_AT occupants_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 very_RG smooth_JJ ride_NN1 ._.

The_AT second_MD class_NN1 passengers_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 simpler_JJR compartment_NN1 and_CC less_DAR leg_NN1 room_NN1 ._. Partly_RR because_CS there_EX was_VBDZ little_JJ or_CC no_AT difference_NN1 between_II the_AT second_MD and_CC either_RR the_AT first_MD or_CC third_MD class_NN1 ,_, the_AT second_MD class_NN1 almost_RR completely_RR disappeared_VVD from_II trains_NN2 in_II Britain_NP1 ._.

Third_MD class_NN1 passengers_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 compartment_NN1 with_IW the_AT simplest_JJT fittings_NN2 and_CC fixtures_NN2 and_CC the_AT least_DAT leg_NN1 room_NN1 ._. However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ relatively_RR luxurious_JJ compared_VVN to_II the_AT earlier_RRR third_MD class_NN1 carriages_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR cramped_VVN ,_, and_CC had_VHD hard_RR ,_, wooden_JJ seats_NN2 ,_, and_CC had_VHD no_AT roof_NN1 ._. Since_CS the_AT carriages_NN2 <sic> was_VBDZ </sic> located_VVN over_II the_AT wheels_NN2 ,_, the_AT occupants_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 very_RG bumpy_JJ ,_, noisy_JJ ride_NN1 indeed_RR ._.

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First_MD <UNCLEAR>_FO

Mouse-eye_JJ view_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 3rd_MD class_NN1 carriage_NN1

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Two_MC carriage_NN1 keys_NN2

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A_AT1 pair_NN of_IO ticket_NN1 clippers_NN2

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Freight_NN1 trains_NN2

The_AT earliest_JJT trains_NN2 were_VBDR always_RR freight_NN1 trains_VVZ that_CST carried_VVD loads_NN2 of_IO coal_NN1 or_CC mineral_NN1 ore_NN1 ._. At_RR21 first_RR22 ,_, these_DD2 trains_NN2 were_VBDR limited_VVN to_II only_RR being_VBG able_JK to_TO pull_VVI two_MC or_CC three_MC simple_JJ wagons_NN2 hauled_VVN by_II a_AT1 horse_NN1 ._. However_RR ,_, as_CSA steam_NN1 locomotives_NN2 began_VVD to_TO <reg> develop_VVI </reg> ,_, far_RG longer_JJR trains_NN2 could_VM be_VBI operated_VVN ,_, and_CC at_II higher_JJR speed_NN1 too_RR ,_, making_VVG rail_NN1 freight_NN1 more_RRR and_CC more_RGR economical_JJ and_CC efficient_JJ ._. As_II the_AT railway_NN1 network_NN1 developed_VVD ,_, similar_JJ trains_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO move_VVI raw_JJ materials_NN2 to_II the_AT <reg> factories_NN2 </reg> and_CC distribute_VV0 the_AT finished_JJ products_NN2 ._.

In_II the_AT early_JJ days_NNT2 ,_, all_DB freight_NN1 trains_NN2 were_VBDR very_RG slow_JJ because_CS their_APPGE braking_JJ system_NN1 was_VBDZ exceedingly_RR primitive_JJ ,_, and_CC could_VM not_XX stop_VVI the_AT train_NN1 fast_RR enough_RR in_II an_AT1 emergency_NN1 ._. Technical_JJ <reg> developments_NN2 </reg> since_II then_RT now_RT mean_VV0 that_DD1 freight_NN1 trains_NN2 can_VM run_VVI at_II up_RG21 to_RG22 62_MC mph_NNU ,_, (_( 100_MC Kph_NP1 )_) ._.

Much_DA1 of_IO the_AT freight_NN1 traffic_NN1 in_II Britain_NP1 was_VBDZ made_VVN up_RP of_IO coal_NN1 trains_NN2 ._. For_IF many_DA2 years_NNT2 coal_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN in_II simple_JJ wagons_NN2 ,_, owned_VVN by_II individual_JJ coal_NN1 mines_NN2 ,_, that_CST had_VHD a_AT1 capacity_NN1 of_IO 10_MC tons_NNU2 ._. The_AT wagons_NN2 were_VBDR usually_RR automatically_RR loaded_VVN from_II above_RL ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 often_RR had_VHN to_TO be_VBI unloaded_VVN by_II workers_NN2 with_IW shovels_NN2 ._.

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A_AT1 Brake_NN1 van_NN1

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A_AT1 <sic> taillight_NN1 </sic>

Modern_JJ battery_NN1 version_NN1

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A_AT1 <reg> shunter_NN1 's_GE </reg> pole_NN1

used_VVN for_IF coupling_NN1 trains_NN2

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Making_VVG Tracks_NN2

Railway_NN1 lines_NN2 have_VH0 always_RR been_VBN of_IO fundamental_JJ importance_NN1 to_II the_AT history_NN1 of_IO trains_NN2 ,_, mainly_RR because_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR what_DDQ makes_VVZ railways_NN2 different_JJ from_II roads_NN2 ._. Rails_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO guide_VVI loaded_JJ wagons_NN2 long_RR before_II the_AT steam_NN1 locomotive_NN1 came_VVD along_RP ._.

However_RR ,_, the_AT early_JJ cast-iron_JJ rails_NN2 were_VBDR easily_RR broken_VVN ._. It_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX until_CS <reg> strong_JJ </reg> rails_NN2 were_VBDR available_JJ that_CST the_AT full_JJ potential_NN1 of_IO the_AT steam_NN1 locomotives_NN2 could_VM be_VBI exploited_VVN ._. Cast-iron_JJ rails_NN2 were_VBDR replaced_VVN by_II stronger_JJR ,_, rolled_VVD wrought-iron_JJ rails_NN2 ,_, and_CC since_CS the_AT 1870_MC221 's_MC222 by_II steel_NN1 which_DDQ scarcely_RR wears_VVZ down_RP ._. Tracks_NN2 are_VBR constantly_RR being_VBG improved_VVN to_TO meet_VVI the_AT requirements_NN2 of_IO heavier_JJR ,_, faster_JJR <sic> train_NN1 </sic> ._. For_IF a_AT1 smoother_JJR ride_NN1 ,_, most_RGT main_JJ lines_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 <reg> continuously_RR </reg> welded_VVN rails_NN2 ,_, instead_II21 of_II22 the_AT jointed_VVN short_JJ lengths_NN2 which_DDQ gave_VVD rise_NN1 to_II the_AT once_RR familiar_JJ "_" clickety-click_NN1 "_" of_IO a_AT1 train_NN1 journey_NN1 ._.

The_AT distance_NN1 between_II the_AT rails_NN2 is_VBZ known_VVN as_II gauge_NN1 and_CC varies_VVZ around_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. Many_DA2 railways_NN2 ,_, <reg> especially_RR </reg> those_DD2 with_IW difficult_JJ terrain_NN1 to_TO cross_VVI ,_, have_VH0 narrow_JJ gauge_NN1 lines_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR cheaper_JJR and_CC faster_RRR to_TO lay_VVI and_CC maintain_VVI ._.

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A_AT1 saddle-backed_NN1 or_CC barlow_VV0 rail_NN1 ,_, used_VVN on_II broad_JJ gauge_NN1 track_NN1 from_II 1849_MC

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G.N.R._NP1

80_MC lbs_NNU2 rail_NN1

December_NPM1 1870_MC

Ball_NN1 headed_VVN rail_NN1 ,_, 1870_MC ._.

Rail_NN1 sections_NN2

Railway_NN1 engineers_NN2 <reg> experimented_VVN </reg> with_IW many_DA2 shapes_NN2 and_CC sizes_NN2 of_IO rail_NN1 before_CS they_PPHS2 came_VVD up_RP with_IW the_AT best_JJT model_NN1 ,_, called_VVN a_AT1 Flat-bottomed_JJ rail_NN1 ._.

Here_RL are_VBR some_DD of_IO the_AT <reg> designs_NN2 </reg> they_PPHS2 tried_VVD ._.

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L_ZZ1 ._. +_FO ,_, Y.R._NNU

STORES_NN2 DEPT_NN1 ._.

1884_MC

Flat-bottomed_JJ rail_NN1 ,_, 1849_MC ._.

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Signals_NN2

Train_VV0 drivers_NN2 are_VBR faced_VVN with_IW a_AT1 huge_JJ number_NN1 of_IO signals_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 travel_VV0 along_RP the_AT line_NN1 ,_, and_CC without_IW them_PPHO2 ,_, they_PPHS2 run_VV0 the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO collision_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ what_DDQ often_RR happened_VVD when_RRQ railways_NN2 were_VBDR just_RR beginning_VVG ._. At_RR21 first_RR22 the_AT drivers_NN2 obeyed_VVD hand_NN1 signals_NN2 given_VVN by_II police-men_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS wore_VVD arm_NN1 bands_NN2 and_CC carried_VVD decorated_JJ batons_NN2 in_CS21 case_CS22 they_PPHS2 ran_VVD into_II trouble_NN1 ._. Later_RRR on_RP mechanical_JJ signals_NN2 were_VBDR invented_VVN ,_, and_CC these_DD2 imitated_VVN the_AT same_DA hand_NN1 signals_NN2 ._. As_CSA train_NN1 engines_NN2 and_CC brakes_NN2 improved_VVN ,_, and_CC thus_RR the_AT average_JJ speed_NN1 rose_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ obvious_JJ that_CST more_DAR sophisticated_JJ signals_NN2 and_CC equipment_NN1 <sic> was_VBDZ </sic> needed_VVN to_TO improve_VVI the_AT <reg> safety_NN1 </reg> of_IO railways_NN2 ._. Then_RT ,_, in_II the_AT 1920_MC221 's_MC222 ,_, electric_JJ coloured_JJ lamps_NN2 were_VBDR invented_VVN ._. They_PPHS2 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_II night_NNT1 or_CC day_NNT1 time_NNT1 ,_, and_CC were_VBDR also_RR easier_JJR to_TO see_VVI from_II a_AT1 great_JJ distance_NN1 ,_, because_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR far_RG more_RGR powerful_JJ than_CSN the_AT early_JJ oil_NN1 lamps_NN2 ._. These_DD2 are_VBR now_RT used_VVN and_CC positioned_VVN carefully_RR on_II all_DB main_JJ lines_NN2 ._. The_AT signals_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT points_NN2 ,_, are_VBR controlled_VVN from_II the_AT signal_NN1 box_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ at_II one_MC1 time_NNT1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 building_NN1 by_II the_AT <reg> railway_NN1 's_GE </reg> side_NN1 ,_, and_CC <sic> and_CC </sic> on_II the_AT <sic> the_AT </sic> first_MD floor_NN1 <sic> was_VBDZ </sic> a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO windows_NN2 to_TO see_VVI what_DDQ was_VBDZ coming_VVG ,_, and_CC a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO hand-operated_JJ levers_NN2 ,_, that_CST the_AT signalman_NN1 pulled_VVN and_CC pushed_VVD to_TO control_VVI the_AT signals_NN2 and_CC points_NN2 ._. <reg> Nowadays_RT </reg> though_CS ,_, <reg> there_EX 's_VBZ </reg> just_RR a_AT1 big_JJ computer_NN1 somewhere_RL doing_VDG it_PPH1 ._.

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Stop_VV0

Proceed_VV0 with_IW caution_NN1

All_DB Clear_VV0

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A_AT1 signal_NN1 at_II the_AT East_ND1 Lancs_NP1 Railway_NN1

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Famous_JJ People_NN

A_AT1 selection_NN1 of_IO four_MC famous_JJ men_NN2 in_II the_AT railway_NN1 business_NN1 ._.

Bullied_VVN ,_, O.V.S._NP1

Chief_JJ mechanical_JJ engineer_NN1 ,_, Southern_JJ Railway_NN1 ,_, 1938-47_MCMC ;_; formerly_RR assistant_JJ to_II Chief_JJ Mechanical_JJ Engineer_NN1 ,_, L.N.E.R._NP1 (_( Sir_NNB Nigel_NP1 Gresley_NP1 ,_, q.v_FU ._. )_) ._. Introduced_VVN multiple_JJ jet_NN1 blast-pipes_NN2 on_II existing_JJ S.R._NNB passenger_NN1 locomotives_NN2 ._. Designer_NN1 of_IO "_" Merchant_NN1 Navy_NN1 "_" and_CC "_" West_ND1 country_NN1 "_" classes_NN2 of_IO air-smoothed_NN1 4-6-2_MCMC ;_; also_RR the_AT "_" Q.1_FO "_" austerity_NN1 general_NN1 service_NN1 0-6-0_MCMC ._. Introduced_VVN plastic-panelled_JJ luggage_NN1 vans_NN2 and_CC experimental_JJ double-decked_JJ coaches_NN2 for_IF suburban_JJ services_NN2 ._. He_PPHS1 also_RR designed_VVD experimental_JJ double_NN1 ended_VVD 'leader'_JJ class_NN1 tank_NN1 engine_NN1 ,_, with_IW sleeve_NN1 valves_NN2 ;_; five_MC of_IO these_DD2 were_VBDR built_VVN ,_, but_CCB were_VBDR not_XX up_II21 to_II22 standard_NN1 ._.

Gresley_NN1 ,_, Sir_NNB Nigel_NP1

Chief_JJ Mechanical_JJ Engineer_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT London_NP1 and_CC North-Eastern_JJ Railway_NN1 ,_, from_II 1923_MC to_II 1941_MC ;_; before_II that_DD1 ,_, he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 locomotive_NN1 ,_, Carriage_NN1 and_CC Wagon_NN1 Engineer_NN1 ,_, for_IF the_AT great_JJ Northern_JJ Railway_NN1 ,_, from_II 1911_MC =_FO 1922_MC ._. Sir_NNB <reg> Nigel_NP1 's_GE </reg> engines_NN2 will_VM always_RR be_VBI famous_JJ ;_; among_II their_APPGE achievements_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT world_NN1 speed_NN1 record_NN1 with_IW steam_NN1 of_IO 126_MC M.p.h._NNU with_IW the_AT engine_NN1 "_" Mallard_NP1 "_" ._. Died_VVD in_II 1941_MC while_CS still_RR in_II office_NN1 ._.

"_" Raleigh_NP1 "_" ,_, Matthew_NP1

Matthew_NP1 was_VBDZ Locomotive_NN1 Superintendent_NN1 in_II the_AT Midland_NP1 Railway_NN1 from_II 1844_MC to_II 1873_MC ._. At_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 13_MC !_! !_! He_PPHS1 began_VVD on_II the_AT <reg> Stockton_NP1 </reg> and_CC Darlington_NP1 and_CC was_VBDZ then_RT a_AT1 fireman_NN1 on_II the_AT London_NP1 and_CC Birmingham_NP1 ._. He_PPHS1 became_VVD Locomotive_NN1 <reg> superintendent_NN1 </reg> on_II its_APPGE formation_NN1 in_II 1844_MC ._. He_PPHS1 comes_VVZ from_II the_AT same_DA area_NN1 as_CSA my_APPGE great-granddad_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT county_NN1 Durham_NP1 ._. No_AT proof_NN1 of_IO relation_NN1 with_IW me_PPIO1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ definitely_RR possible_JJ ,_, although_CS unlikely_JJ I_PPIS1 am_VBM his_APPGE direct_JJ <reg> descendent_NN1 </reg> ._.

Stanier_NN1 ,_, Sir_NNB William_NP1 A._NP1

Worked_VVN as_II a_AT1 Chief_JJ Mechanical_JJ Engineer_NN1 for_IF the_AT London_NP1 ,_, Midland_NP1 and_CC Scottish_JJ Railway_NN1 from_II 1932_MC to_II 1944_MC ;_; and_CC before_CS that_DD1 on_II the_AT G.W.R_NP1 .._... Served_VVN on_II two_MC important_JJ missions_NN2 to_II Indian_JJ Railways_NN2 ;_; and_CC in_II World_NN1 War_NN1 Two_MC he_PPHS1 served_VVD <sic> a_AT1 </sic> scientific_JJ adviser_NN1 to_II the_AT Ministry_NN1 Of_IO Production_NN1 ._. He_PPHS1 died_VVD in_II 1966_MC at_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 89_MC ._.

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<sic> Funpage_VV0 </sic>

Some_DD questions_NN2 to_TO make_VVI the_AT grey_JJ matter_NN1 spurt_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 your_APPGE ears_NN2 in_II <sic> twinstreams_NN2 </sic> ..._...

1_MC1 ._. In_II what_DDQ year_NNT1 did_VDD Richard_NP1 Trevethick_NP1 build_VVI Catch-me-who-can_JJ ?_?

2_MC ._. Who_PNQS built_VVD Puffing_JJ Billy_NP1 ?_?

3_MC ._. In_II what_DDQ year_NNT1 were_VBDR the_AT Rain_NP1 Hill_NNL1 Trials_NN2 held_VVN ?_?

4_MC ._. When_RRQ was_VBDZ the_AT first_MD Diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 demonstrated_VVN ?_?

5_MC ._. In_II the_AT Rain_NP1 Hill_NNL1 Trials_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ locomotive_NN1 won_VVN ?_?

6_MC ._. Does_VDZ a_AT1 diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 drive_VV0 the_AT wheels_NN2 directly_RR ?_?

Is_VBZ the_AT hydraulic-powered_NN1 tilting_VVG device_NN1 used_VVN on_II the_AT italian_JJ railway_NN1 ._.

8_MC ._. The_AT immediate_JJ and_CC long-term_JJ future_NN1 of_IO the_AT railway_NN1 looks_VVZ bad_JJ ._. True_JJ or_CC False_JJ ?_?

9_MC ._. The_AT First_MD Class_NN1 carriages_NN2 were_VBDR furthest_JJT away_II21 from_II22 the_AT wheels_NN2 ._. True_JJ or_CC False_JJ ?_?

10_MC ._. <reg> Freight_NN1 </reg> trains_NN2 can_VM run_VVI at_II up_RG21 to_RG22 62_MC mph_NNU ._. True_JJ or_CC False_JJ ?_?

Crossword_NN1

Words_NN2

Freight_NN1

Steam_NN1

Locomotive_NN1

Engine_NN1

Truck_NN1

Diesel_NN1

Electric_JJ

Carriage_NN1 ._.

Brakes_NN2

Signal_NN1

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Trains_NN2 For_IF Fun_NN1

Almost_RR immediately_RR after_II steam_NN1 engines_NN2 were_VBDR pulling_VVG passenger_NN1 trains_NN2 ,_, model_NN1 makers_NN2 started_VVD building_NN1 models_NN2 of_IO them_PPHO2 ._. These_DD2 ranged_VVN from_II simple_JJ little_JJ affairs_NN2 to_II the_AT scaled-down_JJ models_NN2 ,_, that_CST looked_VVD like_II a_AT1 real_JJ one_PN1 had_VHD been_VBN shrunk_VVN ._. These_DD2 ,_, however_RR ,_, were_VBDR pushed_VVN ,_, and_CC later_RRR on_RP had_VHD clockwork_NN1 ,_, but_CCB had_VHD no_AT steam_NN1 power_NN1 themselves_PPX2 ._. Later_RRR on_RP after_II that_DD1 ,_, they_PPHS2 got_VVD a_RR21 bit_RR22 bigger_JJR and_CC could_VM pull_VVI people_NN along_RP ,_, by_II real_JJ steam_NN1 power_NN1 ,_, when_CS they_PPHS2 sat_VVD on_II little_JJ seats_NN2 on_II wheels_NN2 ._. My_APPGE grandfather_NN1 makes_VVZ steam_NN1 everything_PN1 ._. However_RR ,_, he_PPHS1 only_RR has_VHZ three_MC things_NN2 that_CST I_PPIS1 know_VV0 for_RR21 sure_RR22 work_VV0 ;_; a_AT1 traction_NN1 engine_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 remote-controlled_JJ steam_NN1 boat_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 car_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 runs_VVZ on_II electricity_NN1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ shaped_VVN like_II a_AT1 Land_NP1 Rover_NP1 ._. It_PPH1 can_VM carry_VVI two_MC children_NN2 at_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 ._. He_PPHS1 has_VHZ a_AT1 <reg> whole_JJ </reg> shelf_NN1 of_IO <sic> bit_NN1 </sic> of_IO little_JJ <sic> model_NN1 </sic> that_CST do_VD0 n't_XX go_VVI on_II steam_NN1 ._.

The_AT earliest_JJT toy_NN1 trains_NN2 were_VBDR made_VVN of_IO flat_JJ pieces_NN2 of_IO lead_NN1 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 was_VBDZ replaced_VVN by_II wood_NN1 ,_, and_CC by_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD half_NN1 of_IO the_AT 19th_MD century_NNT1 ,_, this_DD1 was_VBDZ replaced_VVN by_II tin-plate_JJ trains_NN2 running_VVG on_II rails_NN2 ,_, driven_VVN by_II clockwork_NN1 ,_, then_RT electricity_NN1 ._. It_PPH1 is_VBZ around_II the_AT 1900_MC221 's_MC222 that_CST the_AT sort_NN1 <note desc="word/s missing?"> steam_NN1 engines_NN2 you_PPY used_VMK to_TO be_VBI able_JK to_TO see_VVI at_II steam_NN1 town_NN1 which_DDQ are_VBR the_AT sort_NN1 can_VM pull_VVI people_NN ._. The_AT demand_NN1 grew_VVD and_CC grew_VVD ,_, and_CC even_RR 3D_NNU cardboard_NN1 or_CC plastic_NN1 put-'em-together-yourself_FU models_NN2 were_VBDR being_VBG made_VVN ,_, to_TO satisfy_VVI the_AT <reg> public_NN1 's_GE </reg> raging_JJ hunger_NN1 ._. Even_RR today_RT ,_, some_DD people_NN have_VH0 electric_JJ toy_NN1 trains_NN2 ,_, like_II <sic> ski-electric_JJ </sic> ,_, or_CC whatever_DDQV <reg> it_PPH1 's_VBZ </reg> called_VVN ._. I_PPIS1 've_VH0 got_VVN a_AT1 5-year_JJ old_JJ set_NN1 ,_, with_IW modern_JJ tankers_NN2 and_CC that_DD1 ,_, but_CCB baby-toy_JJ plastic_NN1 <reg> lines_NN2 </reg> ,_, and_CC a_AT1 Thomas_NP1 the_AT Tank_NN1 engine_NN1 clockwork_NN1 model_NN1 ._. It_PPH1 got_VVD lost_VVN a_AT1 while_NNT1 ago_RA ..._... I_PPIS1 wonder_VV0 where_RRQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ ?_?

(_( down_II the_AT toilet_NN1 ..._... not_XX !_! )_)

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Accidents_NN2 Will_VM Happen_VV0

Here_RL <sic> is_VBZ </sic> a_AT1 couple_NN1 of_IO railway_NN1 accidents_NN2 :_:

Grantham_NP1 :_: Great_JJ Northern_JJ Railway_NN1 :_: 6_MC Sept._NPM1 1906_MC

The_AT 8:45_MC passenger_NN1 and_CC mail_NN1 train_NN1 was_VBDZ coming_VVG from_II King_NP1 's_GE Cross_NN1 to_II the_AT north_ND1 ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ due_JJ to_TO stop_VVI at_II Grantham_NP1 ._. However_RR ,_, for_IF an_AT1 unknown_JJ reason_NN1 ,_, the_AT driver_NN1 went_VVD straight_RR through_II the_AT station_NN1 ,_, past_II several_DA2 signals_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR at_II danger_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT he_PPHS1 took_VVD the_AT junction_NN1 on_II21 to_II22 the_AT Nottingham_NP1 line_NN1 at_II high_JJ speed_NN1 ,_, much_RR too_RG fast_RR for_IF the_AT turn_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT tender_NN1 derailed_VVD ,_, first_MD and_CC many_DA2 of_IO the_AT coaches_NN2 were_VBDR destroyed_VVN in_II the_AT fire_NN1 that_CST broke_VVD out_RP ._. They_PPHS2 could_VM find_VVI no_AT reason_NN1 <reg> for_IF </reg> the_AT driver_NN1 doing_VDG what_DDQ he_PPHS1 did_VDD ._. 14_MC people_NN were_VBDR killed_VVN altogether_RR ;_; including_II the_AT fireman_NN1 and_CC the_AT driver_NN1 ._.

Wellingborough_NP1 :_: Midland_NP1 Railway_NN1 :_: 2_MC sept._NNU 1898_MC ._.

In_II this_DD1 accident_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 barrow_NN1 fell_VVD onto_II the_AT line_NN1 from_II Wellingborough_NP1 station_NN1 platform_NN1 around_II the_AT time_NNT1 a_AT1 fast_RR express_VV0 from_II London_NP1 to_II Manchester_NP1 was_VBDZ due_JJ ._. Despite_II all_DB the_AT efforts_NN2 of_IO two_MC porters_NN2 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ not_XX enough_DD time_NNT1 to_TO haul_VVI the_AT barrow_NN1 from_II the_AT line_NN1 and_CC when_CS the_AT express_JJ hit_VVD it_PPH1 ,_, it_PPH1 derailed_VVD its_APPGE front_JJ bogey_NN1 ._. It_PPH1 carried_VVD on_RP for_IF a_RR21 bit_RR22 ,_, then_RT at_II a_AT1 cross_NN1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT platform_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 derailed_VVD completely_RR ._. 7_MC people_NN were_VBDR killed_VVN ._.

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Answers_NN2 to_II <sic> Funpage_NP1 </sic>

1_MC1 ._. 1808_MC

2_MC ._. William_NP1 Hedley_NP1 ._.

3._MC 1929_MC ._.

4_MC ._. The_AT Rocket_NN1 ,_, designed_VVN by_II George_NP1 Stevenson_NP1 ._.

5._MC 1893_MC ._.

6_MC ._. No_UH ._.

7_MC ._. Yes_UH ._.

8_MC ._. False_JJ ._.

9_MC ._. True_JJ ._.

10_MC ._. True_JJ ._.

Crossword_NN1

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Six_MC Photos_NN2 I_PPIS1 Took_VVD On_RP My_APPGE Trip_NN1 To_II The_AT East_ND1 Lancs_NP1 Railway_NN1

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Into_II the_AT Future_NN1

Over_II the_AT years_NNT2 ,_, railways_NN2 have_VH0 proved_VVN their_APPGE worth_NN1 in_II so_RG many_DA2 <sic> area_NN1 </sic> that_CST their_APPGE future_NN1 is_VBZ secured_VVN ._. New_JJ types_NN2 of_IO trains_NN2 and_CC tracks_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG developed_VVN ,_, and_CC existing_JJ equipment_NN1 is_VBZ constantly_RR being_VBG improved_VVN ._. Apart_II21 from_II22 railways_NN2 easing_VVG the_AT level_NN1 of_IO traffic_NN1 in_II <reg> cities_NN2 </reg> ,_, new_JJ and_CC existing_JJ railways_NN2 provide_VV0 swift_JJ ,_, safe_JJ ,_, convenient_JJ and_CC comfortable_JJ cross-country_JJ transport_NN1 ._. New_JJ ,_, faster_RRR ,_, more_RGR comfortable_JJ trains_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG introduced_VVN in_II several_DA2 countries_NN2 in_II Europe_NP1 and_CC Asia_NP1 ._. For_IF even_RR more_DAR passenger_NN1 comfort_NN1 tilting_VVG high-speed_JJ trains_NN2 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN on_II more_RGR traditional_JJ lines_NN2 ._. Tilting_NP1 is_VBZ when_RRQ a_AT1 high_JJ speed_NN1 train_NN1 goes_VVZ round_RP a_AT1 curve_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 hydraulic_JJ mechanism_NN1 tilts_VVZ it_PPH1 over_RP slightly_RR ._. These_DD2 trains_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN introduced_VVN on_II the_AT Italian_JJ railway_NN1 ._.

Rail_NN1 freight_NN1 trains_NN2 have_VH0 lost_VVN money_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 road_NN1 transport_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT benefits_NN2 to_II the_AT <reg> environment_NN1 </reg> and_CC city_NN1 congestion_NN1 ,_, together_RL with_IW the_AT improved_JJ rail_NN1 techniques_NN2 for_IF carrying_VVG freight_NN1 by_II rail_NN1 promise_NN1 to_TO halt_VVI these_DD2 losses_NN2 ._. In_II cities_NN2 ,_, electrical_JJ trains_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG introduced_VVN ._. The_AT future_NN1 of_IO the_AT railway_NN1 looks_VVZ very_RG good_JJ indeed_RR ._.

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B.A.A._NP1

Gatwick_NP1

Gatwick_NP1 train_NN1

Runs_NN2 on_II rubber_JJ wheels_NN2 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ guided_VVN by_II a_AT1 central_JJ steel_NN1 rail_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ also_RR carries_VVZ power_NN1 ._.

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Prototype_NN1 model_NN1 of_IO Inter-Capitals_NN2 Supertrain_NN1

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Acknowledgements_NN2 or_CC Bibliography_NN1

Thank_VV0 you_PPY very_RG much_RR ;_; Mum_NN1 and_CC Dad_NN1 ,_, and_CC ,_, the_AT PUBLIC_JJ LIBRARY_NN1 !_! !_! Also_RR my_APPGE book_NN1 shelf_NN1 ._.

Bibliography_NN1