Narrowing of the blood vessels. Nicotine, for example, elicits vasoconstriction in placental and fatal vascular beds, reducing oxygen and nutrients accessible to the fetes, and thus increasing the risk for intrauterine growth retardation
. See Carboxyhemoglobin (CoHb), Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), Hypoxia, Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), Nicotine