A standardized system of writing (or script) for a particular language about how letters are used to express sounds and words, as well as including rules for spelling words. Orthography for English was not standardized until Shakespeare’s time, which reduced the number of words with different spellings. Individuals such as George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) and Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) among others made pleas for English to be more phonetic such that words sound and are pronounced as they written (a plea supported by the European Union Commissioners). Broadly speaking, there are two types of alphabetical orthography: transparent (or shallow) orthographies and opaque (or deep) orthographies, the distinction having to do with differences in grapheme-phoneme correspondences. In transparent orthographies, the correspondence is direct (one-to-one), with a consistency in the spelling of words. Examples include Spanish and Italian. German, for example, is characterized as a semi-transparent orthography in having features of the opaque and transparent types. An opaque orthography is a system of writing in which the relationships between letters and sounds are inconsistent and the language permits many exceptions (e.g., English, Danish, French). The spelling system is also inconsistent and variable with regard to grapheme-phoneme relationships due to many irregular spellings. English is not only an opaque orthography, but also one with high level morphological constraints according to Chomsky, N., & Halle, M. (1968).The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row. Learning to read and write, especially in the early stages, generally takes longer in languages that have opaque orthographies. This is reflected in a study of Italian, English and French dyslexics: the Italian participants, using a transparent orthography, performed better on reading tasks relative to their English and French counterparts (but not relative to controls). In children being raised in a bilingual environment, there could be a ‘clash of orthographies’. For example, there are a number of soundsin English that can be difficult for Spanish speakers to pronounce (e.g., /d/, /j/, /r/, /v/, /z/, /sh/,/th/, /zh/, /ng/).