The anthropological doctrine originating with the Greek Sophists, and especially as espoused by J. Melville Herskovits (1895-1963), that the values and institutions of any culture are self-validating. Thus, there are no universals in human behaviour or anything like a ‚aapsychic unity of mankind‚aa, and no universal standards of good, bad, right and wrong. The issue can be resolved if it is recognised that both the actual and expected consequences of behavior differ among cultures as a consequence their differences in knowledge and experience
. See Anthropology, Cross-cultural psychology, Emic-etic distinction, Psychic unity of mankind, Universal, Universalism