An approach to meaning first proposed by Charles S. Peirce 1839-1914) in 1878. He was concerned with the meaning of concepts, in particular scientific ones that affect the mind and not with those confined to the emotions or the senses. Peirce held that the meaning of such concepts was exhausted by the effects they have on our experiences and actions. The term was appropriated by William James (1842-1906) and John Dewey (1859-1952) who in their own ways attempted to make pragmatism a theory of truth. When this happened, Peirce coined the term pragmaticism to indicate his own brand of pragmatism.