A form of information retrieval that occurs in the absence of any cues or prompts to aid the process. See Follow-back design, Mobile conjugate reinforcement, Operant train task, Recall memory, Recency effect
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Recall memory
Access to a memory trace in the absence of the stimulus that formed the memory, for example, remembering the name of a friend without hearing the name repeated. Recall memory is typically ‘cued’ (e.g., a cue to recalling the name of a long-lost friend may be seeing a picture of him). Considered to require more …
Reasoning (psychology)
Goal-directed cognitive activity that may be based on formal logic or informal premises and everyday knowledge. See Abstract reasoning, Analogical reasoning, Cognition, Cognitive structures, Fluid intelligence, Logical reasoning, Moral judgments, Ravens’ Progressive Matrices (RPM), Problem solving, Spatial reasoning, Reasoning (genre theory)
Reality principle
In Freudian psychoanalytical theory, it is the principle that governs the ego, thus exerting control over behavior so that it meets the conditions of external reality, which in turn serves to moderate the pleasure principle. According to this principle, normal development is a process of acquiring and strengthening a growing awareness of the need to …
Reasoning (genre theory)
Goal-directed cognitive activity that involves the formation of arguments and inferences that may be based on formal logic, informal premises and everyday knowledge. In the context of literacy and genre theory, reasoning refers more specifically to meaning-making, since choice of text type has the function of making particular connections between ideas, back-grounding some and fore-fronting …
Reading comprehension
The understanding of the meaning of any text and integrating it with current knowledge. See Decoding ability, National Literacy Strategy, Orthographic reading skills, Phonics, Phonological reading skills, Psycholinguistic guessing game, Semantic bootstrapping, Semantics, Syntactic bootstrapping, Syntax
Reaching
To move a limb forward or upward in order to touch or grasp an object. See Functional reaching, Pre-reaching
Reactivation
in contrast to reinstatement, a single passive re-exposure to an isolated component of the original salient training event that increases the accessibility of memory for the original training experience. Considered to be the first stage of (declarative) memory retrieval. Through the pioneering work of Carolyn Rovee-Collier(1942-2014), it is known that infants as young as 3-months of age …
Rating scale
A questionnaire in which a person who knows a particular child is asked to make judgments, usually quantitative, about aspects of the child’s behavior that are defined in the questionnaire. Broadly speaking, there are two types of rating scales: on an ordinal scale or interval scale. Then there is also the distinction between a descriptive …
Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM)
Designed and first published in 1938 by John C. Raven (1902-1970). Over the years, it has been subjected to a number of revisions. In essence, it is a test designed to measure inductive reasoning by analogy about abstract geometrical patterns from the age of six years onward. It consists of 60 abstract patterns, going from …