Some individuals, including some infants, react adversely to cow’s milk protein. This is believed to be a rare, but important, source of crying in early infancy. It is assumed that the infants cry because of gastrointestinal pain, but the mechanisms are not known. The term ‘intolerance’ is preferred, since many such infants do not show …
Category Archives: Uncategorized
Interval recording
An observational data recording strategy for which successive short (e.g., 10- or 15 seconds) intervals are assigned behavioral codes. See Coding scheme, Zero-one time sampling
Intervention study
A studyin which at least one group of participants is measured before and afterexposure to a particular condition or intervention. Establishing intervention effects is greatlyaided by measuring the performance of a group of participants who are notexposed to the intervention. These control groups can be either ‘passive’ (i.e., take part in no intervention) or ‘active’(i.e., …
Intersensory redundancy hypothesis
In contrast to developmental integration, this hypothesis formalizes and extendsthe proposal that newborn infants are primarily sensitive to amodal propertiesof multisensory stimulation, arguing that infants’ attention is captured earlyon by such amodal (redundant) properties of multisensory stimulation, and thatthis bootstraps their subsequent ability to perceive and learn about furtheraspects of the multisensory world (including more fine-grained …
Interphase
The first step in the first division of meiosis during which DNA and associated proteins replicate. See Anaphase, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), Meiosis (or reduction division), Metaphase, Proteins
Intersensory perceptual narrowing
A relatively recently studied phenomenon in which certain cross-modal relations areperceived in the first 4 months of life, but are no longer apparent by 12months-of-age (see Lewkowicz & Ghazanfar, 2009). This multisensoryperceptual narrowing is thought to be experience dependent. See Cross-modal coordination, Cross-modal matching, Developmental differentiation, Developmental integration, Experience-dependent process, Intersensory redundancy hypothesis, Multisensory cue integration …
Interneurons
Classically, neurons between a sensory neuron and a motoneuron; more commonly, neurons with short axons and part of local neural circuits. Found exclusively in the brain and spinal cord and sometimes referred to as association (or connection) neurons, it has been estimated that the human brain contains 100 billion (1011) interneurons averaging 1000 synapses on …
Internalizing disorders/problems
Responses to stress that are directed toward the self, such as anxiety, depression, fearfulness, self-destructive behaviors, withdrawal, and worrying. They are particularly a problem among teenagers. In the US, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety problems is about 32% and mood disorders some 14% in the US. See Anhedonia, Dysphoria, Externalizing disorders/problems, Major depressive …
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
An alphabet designed to provide universal symbols to represent all the known speech sounds used in human languages. Devised by the International Phonetic Association. See Phoneme, Phonology
Internalization
In a nutshell, the absorption of knowledge from context, being knowledge in the sense of ‘knowing how’ rather than ‘knowing that’ [according to the well-worn distinction made by Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976) in his book the Concept of mind, 1949]. For Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), it was a cardinal concept in his sociocultural theory (the others being …