Summer Kaur
Zemiology continues to raise important questions for ineffective neoliberal policies that continue to distribute harm, with subsequent consequences (Chernomas and Hudson, 2009). After two million deaths reported globally, at the time of writing (2021), and more than 100,000 mortality rates being consumed by the UK alone, redress must be called for the mishandling of the pandemic. With a focus on avoidable, premature mortality rates, this study reports a meta-analysis of existing research and official statistics. Applying a Zemiological framework, research methods were designed and implemented to examine national (UK) public and professional perceptions on the handling of the pandemic. Findings were based on the responses of 341 participants from a generalised web survey and one professional participant that engaged in a structured interview. Findings showed policy-driven impacts on psychological; physical; economic, and cultural safety (Cooper and Whyte, 2017) and overall, an erosion of trust between governance and the public (Devine et al, 2020). In recognition of the study’s limited scope, concluding recommendations encourage a continued public inquiry that will allow for the future production of effective policy-making (Abassi, 2021). In doing so, it is recommended a focus on harm remains central to global, interdisciplinary discussion (Hillyard and Tombs, 2017).
Summer Kaur
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INTRODUCTION TO STUDY
LITERATURE REVIEW
ZEMIOLOGY AND COVID-19:
Criminology and Criminal Justice
An Examination of UK Preparedness, Response, and Avoidable Deaths
Summer Kaur (March, 2021)
References:
Aspinall, E. (2021). Covid-19 Timeline. Available: https://bfpg.co.uk/2020/04/covid-19-timeline/. Last accessed 3rd Feb 2021
BMA. (2020). Austerity – COVID’s little helper. Available: https://www.bma.org.uk/news-and-opinion/austerity-covid-s-little-helper. Last accessed 11th Feb 2021.
Chernomas, R., Hudson, I. (2009). Social Murder: The Long-Term Effects of Conservative Economic Policy. SAGE. 39 (1), p107-121.
Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response. (2021). The Co-Chairs’ presentation of the Second Report on Progress to the WHO Executive Board, 19 January 2021. Available: https://theindependentpanel.org/the-co-chairs-presentation-of-the-second-report-on-progress-to-the-who-executive-board-19-january-2021/. Last accessed 19th February 2021.
CONCLUSION
FINDINGS
METHODS
RECOMMENDATIONS
Critical criminologists have long recognised the social and economic causes of crime that continue to remain beyond the scope of legal prohibition. The most important lessons to be learned from this pandemic have less to do with the virus itself and are rather more aligned with the political agencies that have responded to it (Bollycky and Kickbush, 2020). Overall, primary findings found an overall decline in government trust, despite the vaccine rollout, as a result of the overall handling of the pandemic.
Historically, the structure of the UK government has been fragmented and disparate, epitomised by the increasing reliance on targets to improve public services with little appreciation for the distortive effects this has on equality and quality of life. Any government serious about improving public protection and health must ensure that policies and interventions are based on in-depth, evidence-based conclusions.
- All participants were asked to engage voluntarily and granted the right to withdraw at any time
- Anonymous web-survey accessible to the public and 1 semi-structured interview
- Making the survey accessible to the public allowed for a random sampling approach
OF PARTICIPANTS THOUGHT THAT GOVERNMENT RESPONSES WERE DELAYED
FELT THAT PPE SHOULD HAVE BEEN MADE FREE TO THE PUBLIC
- The effects of Covid-19 on marginalised communities have laid bare the pre-existing systematic and structural inequalities - locally (UK) and globally (The Independent Panel, 2021)
- Austerity measures were introduced as a response to the global financial crisis. These measures went onto impact relatively deprived communities - those who weren't responsible for the crisis yet suffered the most at the hands of it. As such, changes to tax and welfare saw the poorest two-tenths (UK) see greater cuts to income than any other group (Oxfam, 2013). Meanwhile, the richest 1000 people in the UK have doubled their wealth since 2010 (LSE, 2021)
- The British Medical Journal (2017) report that austerity has been linked to 120,000 deaths since 2010
Focusing on these cultural and economic shifts allows a sharper focus on political and ministerial responsibility beneath the structures that produce and reproduce harms and the ways they are refracted through, and suffered by individuals (Hillyard and Tombs, 2004).
Events and incidents which have continued to originate serious harm, are disassociated from criminal law and in most cases, are positively excluded. A focus of harm could offer benefits for local and national states alike (Hillyard and Tombs, 2004). In fact, The Independent Panel (2021), offers recommendations for the scope of future research based on the pandemics exacerbations of systematic and structural inequalities.
In recognition of this study's limited scope, central recommendations support the need for a continued public inquiry - that will continue to identify lessons and save lives (BMJ, 2021).
- Informed consent forms and ethical disclaimers were provided to participants
Acknowledgments: I would like to express thanks to my research supervisor, David Hayes for his invaluable support throughout my time time as an undergraduate.
61.7%
91.8%
56%
'Social Murder' today, pays close attention to the derived responsibilities of social issues and the needs of those considered 'replaceable'; and their subjection to death (Haskaj, 2018)
FELT THAT THE GOVERNMENT PRIORITISED THE ECONOMY BEFORE PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY
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