LANCASTER UNIVERSITY 2022 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH CONFERENCE
15th MARCH - 17th MARCH 2022
Lettie Wareing

Lettie Wareing

Psychology (Bailrigg) | Year 3 | Degree: Psychology BSc
Symptomology and the Effects of Anti-Psychotic Medication in Schizophrenia: An Investigation Using the Memory-Guided Saccade Task

The negative symptoms (NS) of schizophrenia can predate the onset of psychosis and are associated with poor functional outcomes; therefore, detecting their presence can facilitate early intervention. However, NS lack both understanding and sensitive, objective diagnostic tools. Saccadic eye movement paradigms objectively measure cognitive functioning and enable its localisation within the brain. To further the current understanding of NS, this study measured the performance of positive and negative symptom groups on the memory-guided saccade task. Additionally, it sought to determine the effects of antipsychotic medication on memory-guided saccade performance. A secondary dataset originally collected by Crawford et al. (1995) was used for these analyses. Supporting the study’s hypotheses, medicated individuals with SZ (n = 40) showed hypometric gain and gain of final eye position compared to unmedicated individuals (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 31). Error rate was elevated in both patient groups relative to controls. Furthermore, NS scores were a significant predictor of error rate. However, contrasting with predictions, NS did not predict latency. Results suggest that elevated error rate on the memory-guided saccades has potential as an endophenotype of NS. Moreover, findings evidence the confounding effect of antipsychotic medication on memory-guided saccade performance in schizophrenia.

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Lettie Wareing
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Lettie Wareing

Lettie Wareing

Psychology (Bailrigg) | Year 3 | Degree: Psychology BSc
Symptomology and the Effects of Anti-Psychotic Medication in Schizophrenia: An Investigation Using the Memory-Guided Saccade Task
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The image is a dark green box with a lighter green silhouette of a human head and neck with a brain. The black text reads "Schizophrenia" and the white text reads "The Background"
The image is a dark green box with a lighter green silhouette of a human head and neck with a brain. The black text reads "Schizophrenia" and the white text reads "The Background"
An infographic displaying the numbers of individuals who have schizophrenia in the general population. There are 99 black stick men and 1 white stick man upon a dark green background. The white text reads, "1 in 100"
An infographic displaying the numbers of individuals who have schizophrenia in the general population. There are 99 black stick men and 1 white stick man upon a dark green background. The white text reads, "1 in 100"
An infographic describing the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. On the left, the black text reads "positive symptoms". The top left image is an icon of a man holding hands with a hallucinated man. The black text underneath is on a dark green background and reads "hallucinations". The top image second from the left is a green speech bubble with a horn inside. The black text on a green background underneath reads "disorganised speech". The bottom image on the left is a green icon of a super hero. The text underneath reads "delusions". The second image from the left on the bottom is an icon of a man surrounded by a thumbs up, a heart, and a speech bubble in a circle. The text underneath reads "disorganised behaviour". On the right hand side the text at the top of the four images is in dark green and says "Negative symptoms". The top second image from the right is a dark green man with a speech bubble containing an elipses. The text underneath is white on a dark green background and reads "diminished speech". The top image on the right is a dark green person with their head in their hands. The text underneath reads "diminished motivation". The second image from the right on the bottom is a dark green face showing a neutral expression. The text underneath reads "emotional blunting". The bottom image furthest on the right is an image of a dark green person with a storm cloud over their head. The text underneath reads "diminished pleasure seeking".
An infographic describing the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. On the left, the black text reads "positive symptoms". The top left image is an icon of a man holding hands with a hallucinated man. The black text underneath is on a dark green background and reads "hallucinations". The top image second from the left is a green speech bubble with a horn inside. The black text on a green background underneath reads "disorganised speech". The bottom image on the left is a green icon of a super hero. The text underneath reads "delusions". The second image from the left on the bottom is an icon of a man surrounded by a thumbs up, a heart, and a speech bubble in a circle. The text underneath reads "disorganised behaviour". On the right hand side the text at the top of the four images is in dark green and says "Negative symptoms". The top second image from the right is a dark green man with a speech bubble containing an elipses. The text underneath is white on a dark green background and reads "diminished speech". The top image on the right is a dark green person with their head in their hands. The text underneath reads "diminished motivation". The second image from the right on the bottom is a dark green face showing a neutral expression. The text underneath reads "emotional blunting". The bottom image furthest on the right is an image of a dark green person with a storm cloud over their head. The text underneath reads "diminished pleasure seeking".
An image depicting a quote from a researcher. The text is on a white box which is surrounded by a dark green background. At the top of the white box are green quotation marks. The text in black reads "Negative symptoms remain a crucial unmet therapeutic need". The author is cited below in smaller text and reads "Galderisi et al 2014"
An image depicting a quote from a researcher. The text is on a white box which is surrounded by a dark green background. At the top of the white box are green quotation marks. The text in black reads "Negative symptoms remain a crucial unmet therapeutic need". The author is cited below in smaller text and reads "Galderisi et al 2014"
A description of why negative symptoms are an important issue. The text is on a green background. The first line has a white icon of a head with a swirl representing a brain. The white text reads "pre-date psychosis". The next line contains a white icon depicting medication, the white text next to it reads "medication-resistant". The third line has a white icon of a human head with a brain inside. The white text reads, "Unknown cause". The final line contains a white icon of cogs. The text reads, "Poor functional outcomes"
A description of why negative symptoms are an important issue. The text is on a green background. The first line has a white icon of a head with a swirl representing a brain. The white text reads "pre-date psychosis". The next line contains a white icon depicting medication, the white text next to it reads "medication-resistant". The third line has a white icon of a human head with a brain inside. The white text reads, "Unknown cause". The final line contains a white icon of cogs. The text reads, "Poor functional outcomes"
The image is a white text box with a dark green border. At the top of the text box is a green light bulb. The black title underneath reads, "Endophenotyopes". The smaller black text underneath this reads "Biological markers of a condition that are easier to detect than genetic sequences and may allow a link to be formed between symptoms and specific neuropathology and cognitive deficits"
The image is a white text box with a dark green border. At the top of the text box is a green light bulb. The black title underneath reads, "Endophenotyopes". The smaller black text underneath this reads "Biological markers of a condition that are easier to detect than genetic sequences and may allow a link to be formed between symptoms and specific neuropathology and cognitive deficits"
The image is a dark green text box. The title is written in black text and says "saccadic eye movements in schizophrenia". Underneath are a series of bullet points written in black text. The first says "Provide a window into cognitive functioning". The seconds says "Can help us to understand which brain regions are involved". The third reads "More sensitive measure of cognition than traditional tests" and the fourth reads " Specific deficits have potential as an endophenotype which will aid early diagnosis and scientific understanding". To the right hand side is a white image of a pair of eyes.
The image is a dark green text box. The title is written in black text and says "saccadic eye movements in schizophrenia". Underneath are a series of bullet points written in black text. The first says "Provide a window into cognitive functioning". The seconds says "Can help us to understand which brain regions are involved". The third reads "More sensitive measure of cognition than traditional tests" and the fourth reads " Specific deficits have potential as an endophenotype which will aid early diagnosis and scientific understanding". To the right hand side is a white image of a pair of eyes.
A dark green text box with white text. The title reads "The Memory-guided saccade task (hover over this for an example)". The text underneath describes the task and says "Participants fixate on a central point whilst a stimulus is flashed in the periphery. After a delay they perform a saccade to the remembered stimulus location. Assesses: spatial working memory, motor programming ability and inhibitory control"
A dark green text box with white text. The title reads "The Memory-guided saccade task (hover over this for an example)". The text underneath describes the task and says "Participants fixate on a central point whilst a stimulus is flashed in the periphery. After a delay they perform a saccade to the remembered stimulus location. Assesses: spatial working memory, motor programming ability and inhibitory control"
The image is a green text box with black text. The title reads "Findings with SZ" with SZ meaning schizophrenia. There are three bullet points underneath written in black text. The first says "Increased latency (time taken)" The next says "Reduced accuracy" and the last reads "Increased error (looking at the target)"
The image is a green text box with black text. The title reads "Findings with SZ" with SZ meaning schizophrenia. There are three bullet points underneath written in black text. The first says "Increased latency (time taken)" The next says "Reduced accuracy" and the last reads "Increased error (looking at the target)"
The image is a green text box. The title at the top written in black text reads "Current issues". Underneath is a white icon representing medication. The white text next to it reads, "Medication". Underneath is black text which says, "Antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia may be confounding eye movement studies due to inducing Parkinsonian symptoms which affect eye movement performance." The larger black text underneath this reads "Symptomology" and to the left of it is a white icon of a positive and negative symbol. The black text underneath this reads, "Few studies have considered how eye movement performance varies as a function of symptomology. If some deficits are specific to negative symptoms this may help us to understand more about their neuropathology and could have potential as endophenotypes which would facilitate early diagnosis."
The image is a green text box. The title at the top written in black text reads "Current issues". Underneath is a white icon representing medication. The white text next to it reads, "Medication". Underneath is black text which says, "Antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia may be confounding eye movement studies due to inducing Parkinsonian symptoms which affect eye movement performance." The larger black text underneath this reads "Symptomology" and to the left of it is a white icon of a positive and negative symbol. The black text underneath this reads, "Few studies have considered how eye movement performance varies as a function of symptomology. If some deficits are specific to negative symptoms this may help us to understand more about their neuropathology and could have potential as endophenotypes which would facilitate early diagnosis."
The image is a green text box. On the right hand side is a light green icon with a head which contains a monster inside. The text is black and reads, "The Study"
The image is a green text box. On the right hand side is a light green icon with a head which contains a monster inside. The text is black and reads, "The Study"
The first side of the image is a dark green text box with white text. The title says "Aims". Underneath are two bullet points. The first says "To explore the effects of symptomology on memory-guided saccade performance in schizophrenia", the second says "To determine the effects of antipsychotic medication on memory-guided saccade performance in schizophrenia". When hovered over, the image changes to a lighter green text box with white text. The title reads, "Hypotheses". Underneath is a numbered list with 5 points which say, " 1. Individuals with higher negative symptoms will have elevated inhibitory errors 2. Individuals with higher negative symptoms will show longer latencies 3. Individuals with higher positive symptoms will show no deficits 4. Medicated individuals will show hypometric gain 5. Medicated individuals will show hypometric gain of final eye position"
The first side of the image is a dark green text box with white text. The title says "Aims". Underneath are two bullet points. The first says "To explore the effects of symptomology on memory-guided saccade performance in schizophrenia", the second says "To determine the effects of antipsychotic medication on memory-guided saccade performance in schizophrenia". When hovered over, the image changes to a lighter green text box with white text. The title reads, "Hypotheses". Underneath is a numbered list with 5 points which say, " 1. Individuals with higher negative symptoms will have elevated inhibitory errors 2. Individuals with higher negative symptoms will show longer latencies 3. Individuals with higher positive symptoms will show no deficits 4. Medicated individuals will show hypometric gain 5. Medicated individuals will show hypometric gain of final eye position"

Roll over for hypotheses ----->

An infographic describing the number of participants in the study. The box is dark green. At the top is a white stick figure. The white text underneath has three lines. The first line says, "40 Medicated SZ". The next line says "18 Unmedicated SZ" and the third line says "31 Healthy controls"
An infographic describing the number of participants in the study. The box is dark green. At the top is a white stick figure. The white text underneath has three lines. The first line says, "40 Medicated SZ". The next line says "18 Unmedicated SZ" and the third line says "31 Healthy controls"
The image is of two text boxes on a dark green background. The white box at the top contains a green medication bottle icon. To the right, green text reads "Results- Medication". The white box to the bottom right has green text which reads "Antipsychotic medication results in hypometric gain & gain of final eye position". The smaller green text underneath reads, "Individuals receiving antipsychotic medication had less accurate eye movements than unmedicated individuals and controls."
The image is of two text boxes on a dark green background. The white box at the top contains a green medication bottle icon. To the right, green text reads "Results- Medication". The white box to the bottom right has green text which reads "Antipsychotic medication results in hypometric gain & gain of final eye position". The smaller green text underneath reads, "Individuals receiving antipsychotic medication had less accurate eye movements than unmedicated individuals and controls."
A graph of results. On the X axis are the participant groups: MSz, UMSz and HC. On the Y axis is Gain. The graph shows that the gain of MSz is significantly lower than UMSz and HC.
A graph of results. On the X axis are the participant groups: MSz, UMSz and HC. On the Y axis is Gain. The graph shows that the gain of MSz is significantly lower than UMSz and HC.
The image contains a dark green box with a lighter green text box on top. The white text inside reads "Results- Symptomology". The green box underneath contains white text. The larger text says " Error increases with increasing negative symptoms". The smaller white text underneath this says, "Individuals with higher negative symptoms produce a greater number of inhibitory errors." A white graph is to the right hand side and shows a line which increases linearly with increases on the X axis
The image contains a dark green box with a lighter green text box on top. The white text inside reads "Results- Symptomology". The green box underneath contains white text. The larger text says " Error increases with increasing negative symptoms". The smaller white text underneath this says, "Individuals with higher negative symptoms produce a greater number of inhibitory errors." A white graph is to the right hand side and shows a line which increases linearly with increases on the X axis
The image is of a graph showing with SANS scores along the X axis and Inhibitory error rate on the Y axis. The linear relationship between the two is plotted as a black line.
The image is of a graph showing with SANS scores along the X axis and Inhibitory error rate on the Y axis. The linear relationship between the two is plotted as a black line.
The image is a green text box which has a heading written in white text reading, "Implications". Underneath there is a black icon of a medication bottle next to which is written the heading "Medication" in black text. The bullet point underneath this in black text reads, "Antipsychotic medication confounds eye movement performance in SZ and should be controlled for in future research.". Underneath this is a black icon of a human head with a brain. The black heading next to this reads " Symptomology". Two bullet points are underneath this. The first says, "The specificity of elevated inhibitory error rate to individuals with higher negative symptoms suggests this deficit has potential as an endophenotype which could facilitate early intervention." The second says, "Inhibitory errors have been linked to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, suggesting this region is impaired in negative symptoms.". Below this is another black icon which depicts a graph. The black heading next to this reads, "Methodology". The bullet point underneath this states, "Linear regressions may be the optimal means of analysing symptomology eye movement data "
The image is a green text box which has a heading written in white text reading, "Implications". Underneath there is a black icon of a medication bottle next to which is written the heading "Medication" in black text. The bullet point underneath this in black text reads, "Antipsychotic medication confounds eye movement performance in SZ and should be controlled for in future research.". Underneath this is a black icon of a human head with a brain. The black heading next to this reads " Symptomology". Two bullet points are underneath this. The first says, "The specificity of elevated inhibitory error rate to individuals with higher negative symptoms suggests this deficit has potential as an endophenotype which could facilitate early intervention." The second says, "Inhibitory errors have been linked to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, suggesting this region is impaired in negative symptoms.". Below this is another black icon which depicts a graph. The black heading next to this reads, "Methodology". The bullet point underneath this states, "Linear regressions may be the optimal means of analysing symptomology eye movement data "
An image containing the references used for the poster.
An image containing the references used for the poster.
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Drop files here to upload

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Drop files here to upload

Or drag a symbol into the upload area

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Skew (x-axis)

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