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2.28 Standard limits of functions

The following results are widely used in calculations. The results (i)-(viii) follow from the earlier discussion of the exponential function.

Standard limits

For a>0a>0, the following hold:

(i) eaxe^{ax}\rightarrow\infty as xx\rightarrow\infty;

(ii) e-ax0e^{-ax}\rightarrow 0 as xx\rightarrow\infty;

(iii) xax^{a}\rightarrow\infty as xx\rightarrow\infty;

(iv) xa0x^{a}\rightarrow 0 as x0+x\rightarrow 0+;

(v) logx\log x\rightarrow\infty as xx\rightarrow\infty;

(vi) logx-\log x\rightarrow-\infty as x0+x\rightarrow 0+;

(vii) rxr^{x}\rightarrow\infty as xx\rightarrow\infty for r>1r>1;

(viii) rx0r^{x}\rightarrow 0 as xx\rightarrow\infty for 0<r<10<r<1;

(ix) sinxx1{{\sin x}\over{x}}\rightarrow 1 as x0x\rightarrow 0;

(x) tan-1xπ/2\tan^{-1}x\rightarrow\pi/2 as xx\rightarrow\infty.